Serum vitamin D in hypertensive patients versus healthy controls is there an association?

BACKGROUND
Both vitamin D deficiency and hypertension are prevalent in the general population. Several observations indicate an association between vitamin D deficiency and high blood pressure. The present case-control study aimed to compare serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in hypertensive patients versus healthy controls.


METHODS
One hundred patients aged 30-60 years with hypertension (HTN) and 100 healthy controls without history of hypertention were compared regarding serum 25-OHD. Blood pressure was measured using standard method and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure more than140 mmHg and 90 mmHg respectively were considered as HTN. Patients and controls with coexistent morbidities, vitamin D supplementation were excluded. The serum levels of 25-OHD, PTH and calcium were measured after obtaining a written informed consent from the patients and taking their blood pressure under standard conditions. In statistical analysis, the two groups were compared using independent t test and chi-square test using SPSS Version 18.


RESULTS
The mean age of patients and controls was comparable (53.7±6.4 vs 52.3±7.54 years, P=0.17). Serum 25-OHD in HTN was significantly higher than controls (P=0.001).


CONCLUSION
In the present study, serum 25-OHD level in hypertension was higher than controls. The results contradict with earlier studies indicating an association of HTN with vitamin D deficiency. This issue warrants further investigations in particular the follow-up of serum 25-OHD deficient and sufficient subjects with regard to the development of HTN.

N owadays, splenic cysts are known as rare clinical condition with 0.07% incidence in general population. According to the presence or absence of cellular epithelial lining, these cysts are classified into primary (true) and secondary (false) cysts. Primary cysts are subdivided into parasitic (60%) and non-parasitic cyst due to their etiology. Nonparasitic cysts are commonly congenital. These cysts present mostly at young age and are located in the upper pole of the spleen (1)(2)(3). Parasitic cysts with frequency of 60% are the most common primary cysts, resulting typically from Ecinococus granulosus infection as the third most frequent affected site primarily by this parasite (3). On the other hand, secondary splenic cysts include 75% of nonparasitic types and may spread after blunt abdominal trauma (2). Although many splenic cysts are asymptomatic, but dull pain in upper abdominal area due to mass effect may be the presenting feature of these patients (4).

Case presentation
Between 1990 and 2014, all patients who were diagnosed with splenic cyst and being treated at Department of General Surgery of Ghae0m and Omid teaching Hospitals were identified.

Golmohammadzadeh H, et al.
The demographic data, chief complaint, final diagnosis based on pathology result, coincident lesions, treatment and cyst size based on computed-tomographic scan were obtained from hospital records. Data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS Version 11.5. Over a 24-year period, 16 patients were diagnosed to have splenic cyst and were treated in our institution. Demographic, surgical and pathologic data are shown in table 1. The average age of our participants was 39.8 . The sex distribution was 68.75% females (n=11) and 31.25% males (n=5).93.75% of cases had primary or true cyst (n=15), including hydatid cyst in 11 cases. (73.4% of true cysts and 68.75% in overall cases) and epithelial or nonparasitic cysts in 4 cases (26.66% of true cysts and 25% of overall cases). Only one patient had a pseudocyst (6.25%). Dull abdominal pain was reported in 87.5%. Only one patient suffered from abdominal mass. Incidental diagnosis by imaging evidence of splenic cyst was found in only one patient. Total splenectomy was performed in 56.25 % (n=9), and partial splenectomy was employed for 31.25% (n=5) While 12.5% of cases (n=2) underwent conservative medical treatment. The average size of the cysts was 14.3 centimeter (maximum size=25, minimum size=6 cm). 37.5% of splenic cyst had coexistent involvement of formation of cyst in other organs, including liver cyst in 5 cases, cyst of omentum in 2 cases and pelvic and para colic cyst in 2 cases. Only one case of cholelithiasis and one case of omentum-torsion were reported.

Discussion
Splenic cysts are rare condition, particularly non-parasitic ones that accounted for about 30-40% of overall splenic cysts (5). Among the parasitic ones, being the most common type of primary splenic cysts, cyst formation due to Ecinococus granulosus infection with incident of 60 percentage is the most frequent etiology. Pseudocyst as a result of hematoma secondary to blunt abdominal trauma is an uncommon finding. (3). Although many of splenic cysts are asymptomatic, upper abdomen dull pain may be presented due to mass effect of the enlarged cyst or strain of the splenic capsule (4).
Only one asymptomatic case was reported in this trial, while most of cases were symptomatic and abdominal pain was the most common chief complaint (75 percent of our studied population). The usefulness of unenhanced computed tomography scan imaging in the diagnosis of splenic cyst especially splenic hydatid disease is well-established. However ultrasonography also yields comparable diagnostic ability, although the findings are not specific (6).
CT-scan findings of parasitic cysts include well-defined lesions, homogeneous fluid content with attenuation values same as water, no contrast-enhancement, wall calcifications, water lily sign and mass effect (7). We performed CT-scan imaging as the diagnostic method for all cases. Figure 1 presents some remarkable CT-scan findings of our patients. A different management is required for parasitic and nonparasitic cysts due to their different pathogenesis (3). Size of cyst and related symptoms are major factors which affected treatment decision (8). While small asymptomatic cysts(less than 5 cm in diameter) especially non-parasitic ones (traumatic secondary cysts) are best followed conservatively with serial imaging due to their spontaneous resolving, larger cysts (more than 5 cm in diameter) and symptomatic cysts must be treated surgically due to their susceptibility of hemorrhage, rupture and infection (peritonitis and abscess formation) (9)(10)(11)(12)(13).
In our study, surgical management was undertaken in 87.5%, while 12.5% of cases (n=2) underwent conservative medical treatment. Although splenic involvement is the third common site of hydatid disease but the diagnosis often is made incidental because of the asymptomatic nature of splenic hydatid cysts (14). Nonetheless, our hydatic splenic cysts presented with a spectrum of clinical symptoms including abdominal pain (the most common presentation), lumbar pain, nausea and vomiting. Surgical management options of splenic cyst include percutaneous drainage, total splenectomy and partial splenectomy. However, application of this method is controversial disease recurrences and high chance of adhesion and inflammation of the spleen, nevertheless this method can be used as preoperative management for decreasing cyst size. Generally spleenpreserving surgery methods must be the leading aim of management of splenic cysts, besides under especial situations like polycystic cases, enormous cyst size, hilar cyst, cyst with fully parenchymal coverage, uncontrollable massive bleeding and inaccessible cysts, the patient is candidate for total splenectomy (9,10,15). Conserving 25% of the spleen's parenchyma through partial splenectomy regularly provides the sufficient immunologic function for the patient (10,16). Other management strategies include marsupialization, fenestration and laparoscopic unroofing. Common disadvantages of these methods are high recurrence rate and bleeding chance (9,15). Our experience indicates that both partial and total splenectomy are appropriate method of treatment for splenic cyst which are associated with low rate of recurrences and postoperative complications. Patients with splenic hydatid cysts received albendazole 10 to 15 mg/kg per day (with maximum dose of 800 mg) as post-operative medical treatment for 6 months.  Conclusion: Open splenectomy whether total or partial is effective and safe in our limited experience. We strongly suggest surgical management as main treatment of symptomatic and parasitic splenic cysts instead of a followup with medical treatment. And also, it seems that there is no need for follow-up after surgery. Further studies are required to determine the best management of asymptomatic cysts in larger population. Generally spleen-preserving surgery, whether laparoscopic or open surgery, must be the leading aim of the management of nonparasitic primary splenic cysts.